Regional and sectoral economy
2-13
The article discusses the features of teaching students in economics in the context of digital transformation of processes in economic systems. In the educational process, there are several areas of using Internet technologies, for example, watching thematic videos, working in electronic libraries and social networks, using the Moodle system. The use of information technologies has become an integral part of the organization of the educational process, as they are used to prepare for seminars and practical classes, to conduct current and final control. At the same time, the article substantiates the need to preserve traditional forms of conducting training sessions - lectures in the classroom, written works, as this contributes to the activation of mental activity and the formation of professional thinking due to simultaneous audiovisual perception, fine motor skills when writing lecture notes, emotional perception of in-formation. Compliance with the condition of multichannel information acquisition leads to the formation of interneu-ronal connections, therefore, the accumulation of knowledge that can be further used in practical activities. The organization of education at the university is considered taking into account the triune essence of a person, which includes biological, social and spiritual characteristics. It is shown that it is inadmissible to identify artificial and natural intelligence due to the discrepancy between the properties of physical data carriers and the neural network of the human brain, which can be used in the adaptation of artificial intelligence technologies to various subject areas. The economic need for training future employees of enterprises is formulated, taking into account the digital transformation of economic systems, the disappearance of traditional professions and the emergence of new ones.
14-20
The article discusses issues related to the current situation in the Russian labor market, the impact of external and internal environmental factors on it, and growing competition at all levels of functioning: from interstate relations to relations within individual companies. The concept of "personnel competitiveness" is formulated, the competencies relevant in the next 10-15 years are considered, the stages, indicators, methods for assessing the competitiveness of the organization's employees are considered. The conditions that employers are called upon to create, as well as the actions of the employees themselves to achieve competitiveness, are listed.A comparative evaluation table is pro-vided to assess and analyze the competitiveness of specific employees. The authors focus on the fact that it is the com-petitiveness of personnel that determines the viability of any organization and its stability in the market.The object of the research is the personnel of Russian companies, the subject of the research is the assessment of the competitiveness of personnel. The following methods were used in the study: information collection, analysis and synthesis. The purpose of the study is to emphasize the importance in modern conditions and to consider the issues of assessing the competitiveness of personnel, to characterize the stages and identify specific modern methods used to assess the competitiveness indicators of the organization's personnel.
21-33
The relevance of the topic of the article comes from the situation in the labor market, where during the last two years there has been a shortage of labor resources, as a result of which the enterprises of industry, transport, trade, warehousing, integrated into transport and logistics systems, are experiencing difficulties in hiring qualified personnel. Modern challenges caused by the lack of personnel justify the need to find ways to solve this problem. The issues of staffing as one of the conditions for the effective functioning of transport and logistics system are studied by the Department of “Transport Economics, Logistics and Quality Management” of Omsk State Transport University in the course of state budget research work. The subject of the study is staffing, the object is the enterprises included in the transportation and logistics system. The study substantiates the need to strengthen the interaction between enterprises and educational organizations, including transport universities, to train graduates of required specialties and training areas, as well as the employment of young specialists. It is noted that the expansion of interaction is possible not only in the framework of fulfillment of obligations under target contracts, but also in the framework of conclusion of long-term agreements on cooperation and partnership with specialized enterprises. It is determined that one of the most important directions of interaction, which requires a modern organizational and methodological approach, is the organization of industrial, technological, pre-diploma practices. It is established that at the enterprises in the organization of practical training there are problems, including due to the lack of methodological support. In this connection the following tasks were set and solved - the enterprise's need for an organizational document on practice management was substantiated, the process of its organization by the enterprise and educational organization was revealed, the description of the specification of this process as a methodological basis for the documented procedure was outlined.As a result, the documented procedure “management of industrial practice” was developed. The novelty lies in the fact that the obtained results expand the theoretical knowledge in the field of human resources management of supply chain enterprises. They also have an applied value, as they can be used to compile a standard of the enterprise for the organization of practices. The availability of methodological support at the enterprise will favorably affect the cooperation with educational organizations for the training of future young specialists.
33-44
The article aims to identify the specifics of emergence in clusters that are most important for the preservation and development of strategically important geo-economic interaction. Special attention is paid to the role of industries, both forming Russian clusters and participating in interregional cluster formation. The emergence of an emergent effect in the cluster is considered on the example of the interaction of enterprises of the Donetsk People's Republic with enterprises of the Republic of Chuvashia, the Republic of Buryatia, the city of Cheboksary, etc.The scientific novelty lies in the creation of a «new type» cluster, which directly or indirectly stimulates the solution of the main problems of industrial development, which becomes an effective project for the development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The cluster structure is presented as a «new type» of organization, has the characteristics of mobile, flexible and numerous relationships that cross various boundaries inside and outside the organization, which gives rise to emergence.A new type of cluster is being formed and operates in conditions of overcoming economic and institutional uncertainty in the context of the integration of the Donetsk People's Republic into the economic space of the Russian Federation.A functioning cluster has a positive effect on the involvement of representatives of large businesses in economic processes; on the expansion of production of final products, import substitution; and, as a result, on the reduction of regional disparities.As a result of the formation of a «new type» cluster, a significant, progressive increment of systemic emergence is achieved, similar in effect to the effect of coefficients reflecting the relationship between an increase (decrease) in investment and a change in income, although implemented by a different mechanism. This is an essential emergent feature of a «new type» cluster compared to a conventional cluster.The results of the activation of emergent properties of enterprises are technical revolutions; changes in technological structures; updating of operating systems and hardware; innovative development; widespread introduction of digitalization; concepts of sustainable development; consideration of the impact of risk on management; social responsibility of business; value-oriented approach to management; the need for environmental, social and non-financial reporting; integrated reporting; the phenomenon of the «audit» explosion; systemically organized and risk-oriented approaches to audit: internal control and application of modern techniques and technologies.In the light of current economic problems, cluster emergence is considered as an additional resource for strengthening diverse economic relations due to the emergence of economic effects and the realization of the organizational potential of enterprises.
44-51
The financial crisis and the strengthening of Russia's position as a developer country and the adoption of anti-crisis solutions necessitate the development and adoption of effective measures to organize production processes in the chemical industry. The factors influencing the development of the industry are due to the global changes taking place in the Russian chemical industry. These include joining the World Trade Organization and the transition to standards, as well as the intensification of globalization processes in the field of economics and the organization of production in chemistry and petrochemistry. The internal factors of the development of chemical industry enterprises are constrained by technological backwardness and high wear of fixed assets, low innovation and investment activity, the maximum capacity utilization of the most important types of petrochemical products, maintaining the competitiveness of chemical industry enterprises, it is necessary to develop reasonable directions based on an analysis of the latest trends in its economic development, the state of the resource and energy base, the environmental situation and other important factors further development of the industry. Thus, this study is aimed at presenting the significant potential that is concentrated in the chemical industry with the production of a wide range of end products for various purposes in order to form key strategic parameters of its activities.
52-60
Based on the approaches to understanding the economics of happiness available in modern economic theory, the potential of this direction for the regional economy is considered. The work reflects the urgent need to study the key category of research (happiness and well-being), to expand the understanding of the indicators and criteria for the effectiveness of the well-being economy at both the macro and micro levels. As a result of the analysis of the presented approaches, the key problem of the economics of well-being is identified, which is the lack of methodology itself: the authors use alternative concepts and categories, which leads to chaos, confusion and misunderstanding of the essence of the object of research. The problem is aggravated by the fact that this scientific direction is formed at the intersection of economics, psychology, social philosophy and sociology, and each science claims to be the universality of its scientific tools.Taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of research into the economics of well-being, the article reflects the indicators proposed in modern practice that assess well-being both at the local and global levels, provides a comparative description of the basic concepts - happiness, well-being, satisfaction, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the advisability of using them in economic research in the “well-being” category. The author of the article presents a model of the elements and components of well-being in the economic interpretation, as well as individual and social levels of well-being and their components. The comparative characteristics of a prosperous and disadvantaged subject formed the basis for recommendations for the development of regional policies aimed at increasing the level of well-being of citizens, and, consequently, increasing the efficiency of the national economy as a whole. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of further research in the field of economics of well-being.
Finance
61-66
The purpose of the article is to examine the experience of using social bonds in the global and Russian markets. The article examines the history of the emergence of social bonds, which were developed in the UK to help people released after serving their sentence. The study found that social bonds are intended for the implementation of new or existing projects. The main types of social bonds, as well as their participants, are highlighted. The principles of social bonds of the International Association of Capital Markets have been established, which social bonds must comply with. The study examined the issued Russian social bonds on the Moscow Stock Exchange, Sots.razv01, Sots.razv02, MTS 18soc, IADOM 1P19, Rostel1P6R. The characteristics of the issued bonds are given, as well as the organizers of their placement are presented. In conclusion, the important aspects of social bonds are presented. It is worth noting that social bonds are in high demand on the global market, while the Russian social bond market is just beginning to develop.
67-74
Digital threats such as phishing, spam, malware, fake websites, skimming and others have a negative impact on social development, worldview and human behavior. The tax sphere is no exception. The most common cybercrimes include hacker attacks on technical means of fiscal data operators. Attackers use IP-addresses of cash register equipment of bona fide taxpayers. Hackers' attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and servers of the Federal Tax Service of Russia containing information on taxpayers, their income and property continue unabated. Taxpayers sometimes behave unpredictably, using digital technologies and virtual assets for tax evasion purposes. They also become victims of cyber fraudsters, receiving information from them, allegedly from the fiscal authorities, with a request to perform certain actions with data from personal accounts. Causing material damage to citizens as a result of unauthorized access to databases reduces their income, which further affects the financial capacity of taxpayers and, as a consequence, the tax revenues of all levels of the budget system. The task of the state is to form a safe environment of circulation of reliable information and information infrastructure that can resist various types of impact. The paper presents data from a survey of individuals – actual and potential taxpayers and levies, regarding their attitude to digital threats and readiness to resist them. The authors emphasize the need to take measures to strengthen cybersecurity to minimize possible threats and ensure the stable functioning of the tax system.
Management
75-84
The article is devoted to the research of valuation processes in museums. The development of economic activity determines new relationships and ways of reflecting them, which find their implementation in scientific and applied research. The issues of assessing the cost of processes and business in the museum business are considered within the framework of the Concept for the development of museum business in the Russian Federation for the period until 2030. The transformation of economic relations in the spheres of cultural sectors leads to the development of practical and theoretical tools. The diversification of museum functions is changing their usual form. The work uses theoretical and empirical methods of scientific knowledge, systemic comparative and factor analysis, deduction and others, as well as an integrated systematic approach to research, which makes it possible to most effectively solve specific problems in relation to museum affairs. In contrast to traditional valuation methods, museum practice projects have specific approaches that are of interest for their definition and calculation of cost estimates.A special feature of the study is the use of the possibilities of collective work of the pilot project of the integrating pedagogical technology “Service Learning”. A new experience connecting learning, scientific research and education, academic analysis and the use of factual materials for the sake of positive social and economic changes. “Service learning” is defined as “a pedagogical approach aimed at students solving socially significant problems within the framework of their specialty.” Factors contributing to the development of regional tourism and tourist information work with the participation of the State Regional Art Museum "Liberov Center", located in Omsk, are considered.
85-93
The article examines the problem of different interpretations of various aspects of the implementation of the competence approach in universities by different subjects – teachers, university graduates, employers. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to clarify the interpretation by different subjects of the experience of forming professional and supra-professional competencies in the implementation of higher education programs at the university. Within the framework of the theoretical analysis, the author's interpretations of the concepts of professional and supra-professional competencies are presented, the key differences between these concepts are presented. Despite the fact that competencies are actively used in the practice of universities and enterprises, their role is assessed differently by different actors. In universities, this role is reduced to educational and methodological activities based on a competence-based approach, in enterprises the role of competencies is much broader, they are used in various technologies of working with personnel. The concept of professional competencies is equally used in universities and enterprises. However, the concept of supra-professional competencies, which is widespread in enterprises, is used to a small extent in universities. Universal competencies are a familiar term for universities, although this type of competence is not synonymous with supra-professional competencies. Teachers and graduates tend to believe that the formation of competencies should take place within the framework of the educational process. Representatives of employers share the position that the formation of competencies among graduates should take place through internships at enterprises and corporate programs. At the same time, all respondents tend to believe that self-learning and the development of competencies in the workplace are important. The material of the article may be useful to researchers on the designated topic and specialists in the field of development of professional and supra-professional competencies.
93-101
Managing a modern enterprise in the context of the introduction of innovative technologies, artificial intelligence and digitalization is faced with complex external and internal conditions, such as an increase in the volume and complexity of information, expansion of networking and communication, an increase in the number of interested parties (stakeholders), as well as radical changes in technology. Therefore, making timely, adequate and effective management decisions requires a deeper understanding of various aspects of innovation processes. In particular, this article, within the framework of interdisciplinary and ecosystem approaches, presents some general patterns of innovative development of an enterprise and the dynamics of complex physical systems, Based on models of interaction implementation known in modern physics, it is proposed to consider institutions and values to describe interaction in the enterprise ecosystem. Thus, the “values” of stakeholders are presented in the form of “value fields” and in the local description of socio-labor and socio-economic interactions in the ecosystem, they are presented in the form of “particles” – carriers of these types of relationships. With an integral description, the work proposes to represent these interactions as continuous wave structures (flows) propagating in fields, which carry disturbances (changes) and can be ordered thanks to institutions that play the role of peculiar conductors; the consequence of the ordering (coordination) of wave processes is changes in the entire ecosystem, leading to its stable state in new external conditions. It is shown that in conditions of innovative development, network elements and the structure of the socio-economic system are in the area of instability (at “bifurcation points”). The article invites scientists and specialists from different fields of scientific knowledge to a discussion to develop interdisciplinary concepts in order to solve complex socio-economic and technical problems of innovative development of enterprises
Ontology and theory of cognition
102-110
The paper provides an analytical consideration of the problem of gender differences in the context of the collective and individual subject of cognition. The space of cultural communications and scientific and technological progress served as a powerful basis for the expansion of this problem; on the other hand, the correlation of values of the post- and metamodern periods opened up ways to comprehend gender differences in the subject of cognition, which became the central node for assessing human cognitive capabilities. Gender inequality, even today, continues to be an acute social and philosophical question that is being asked in the field of business (career) relationships, in the field of family, and in the field of cognitive and logical capabilities. The phenomenon of the subject of cognition is presented impersonally in some works, and in some, on the contrary, it takes into account the gender characteristics of personal growth. The result of persistent gender differences is the lack of full-fledged independence of the subject in life choices, individual success and overall cognitive and cultural development. The desire for knowledge, self–actualization, disclosure and full use of one's own abilities – all these aspects at the beginning of the 21st century began to be associated with gender-role issues. In this regard, such phenomena as the subject of cognition in general, the gender crisis and the possibility of overcoming the problem of a gender marker for a cognizing subject are brought to the fore in the relevance of the chosen topic. In our opinion, the real society in cultural and philosophical terms is located between the period of post- and metamodern: the fatigue of being and the crisis of individuality give way to the constant development of society and the expansion of the cognitive field, the absence of any ideology. Such philosophical innovations may make it possible to pose the problem of leveling gender differences for the subject of cognition.
111-118
Influential and typical interpretations of the problems of history and culture are well known to the interested reader. The underestimated role of the views of Yu. M. Lotman in the analysis of ideas about history, historians and the istoric fact not only impoverishes the postmodern views of modern philosophy, but also closes the possibility of mastering concepts that are not affected by Western representatives of post-modern thought. The original views and methods of analysis of Yu. M. Lotman are devoted to the role of unwritten cultures in the process of evaluating written, and rehabilitate the potential of unconscious thinking, which are usually subtracted from the analysis of history by default due to the fact that this is too dilapidated past. In addition, Y. M. Lotman is not limited to generally accepted linguistic and psychoanalytic trends in the analysis of post-modern concepts and reveals a wide cultural and historical context. The search for alternative variants of the memory of society and history leads Lotman to analyze the phenomenon of non-written cultures, those forms of culture that appeared before culture. Thus, the semiotic concept of culture by Y.M. Lotman is a theory explaining the functional state of culture as a system of signs and symbols.There is plenty of understanding of the need to understand the mechanisms of oral culture within the framework of the postmodern state of philosophy, but only such fateful topics do not become the main ones and acquire not only an ironic, skeptical look, but also constitute the main theme of gaming practices. In the works of Yu.M. Lotman, we meet with a true concern about the state of affairs, with a research search for cultural, historical and semantic foundations for updating the subject and removing the stigma of marginality from them.According to the author of the proposed article, attention to the practice of oral culture is a very important factor in the formation of an ethical paradigm of thinking.
Social and political philosophy
119-125
Reality is recorded and cognized in and through the text. Knowledge appears in the form of text. The text forms a narrative, i.e. sets a set of concepts by which society perceives itself. Special relationships between man and text are formed. Man can enter into a dialogue with the text, i.e. depragmatize it, or he can be formed by the text, i.e. strive to fit into the text context. The effectiveness of social construction is determined by aesthetic certainty. Literary text has a special significance for aesthetic expression. It is the literary text that precedes the philosophical text, which becomes a kind of ideological formula for the organization of social existence, its starting point for thinking, the assembly point of social space. Literary text is called upon not only to explain the world, but also to fill it with emotional content. This function was fully performed by the polyphonic novel, which recorded and transformed human polyphony into a social context, preserving the meaning of each voice (tale), while striving to isolate and stylize the semantic trend of the era. Tale should be interpreted as a speech unit that performs the function of a point of meaning formation. Stylization opens up possibilities for constructing text and, consequently, social reality.
125-134
The subject of the study is the process of the influence of scientific and technological progress on the socio-cultural development of society. The purpose of the work is to reveal the role of science and technology in various spheres of culture using concrete examples of social history. The methodological basis of the research is a civilizational approach using socio-philosophical, cultural-historical, comparative and problematic methods. The civilizational approach made it possible to consider science and technology as cultural and civilizational phenomena, to trace the evolution of scientific and technical thought at different stages of human history. Using socio-philosophical and cultural-historical methods, the work reveals the process and determines the degree of influence of science and technology on the economic, social and political spheres of society. The comparative method was used to compare scientific and technological revolutions with social ones. In turn, the problematic research method made it possible to identify the positive and negative consequences of scientific and technological progress, its impact on the socio-cultural state of modern society.The article analyzes the role of science and technology in human life. For scientific evidence, facts and examples from primitive, ancient, modern and recent history are given. Attention is paid to the turning points in the history of Russia.The author divides cultures into three social types according to the nature of the relationship between man and nature, reveals the essence and chronological framework of these types. The work puts forward the thesis about the priority of scientific and technological revolutions over social ones, since the results of the first of them are irreversible. The analysis of the subject of the study gives reason to assert that, along with undeniable achievements, scientific and technological revolutions bring intractable consequences to humanity, which may also turn out to be irreversible. To prevent them, the author of the article makes certain suggestions of socio-cultural content. The results of this study can be used in the field of social planning and environmental activities, as well as in scientific and educational work.
134-145
An essential basis for making decisions on the development of territories where people live is currently the needs of residents and their interests, which must be taken into account at the all stages of projects, while maintaining environment sustainability. To solve such problems, the article proposes a methodology and demonstrate a technology for engagement stakeholders in the process of development of social organisms, including individuals, social groups and the environment. The main objective of such engagement is considered to be the creation of a communication space that can serve as the basis for a continuous process of co-creation in order to ensure the coherent coexistence of people, communities and the environment. To substantiate the proposed solutions, both positive practice and negative experience obtained by the author in a number of local urban projects are used. In modern foreign studies, dozens of specific techniques and technologies of involvement have been summarized, their classification has been carried out, their specificity and scope of application have been described, however, the peculiarity of social methods of engagement is that they depend on the cultural and historical context and are defined in accordance with the existing semantic sets of names of a particular or other human activities. In this connection, the article offers the author’s interpretation of the concepts used in foreign studies, based on similar activities in Russian reality. In some cases, the author replaces the direct translation with a semantic analogue, based on established practice, which should reduce barriers to the implementation of the proposed method. However, the options for interpreting the names and content of activities proposed by the author are currently debatable and may change in the course of future research.